Jess+&+Maddi

= = Hello, and welcome to our wiki about the forests and deforestation in Indonesia (and Australia). We hope that you learn a lot about deforestation and become more aware of the tragedies that come along with it. In this, we learnt how serious deforestation is and the protection that we can give to the forests. That there are many protected forests but there are many more that aren't protected and are in risk of being destroyed - along with the plant and animal life inside it. In this wiki we have covered:
 * The percentage of land covered with rainforest in 1911/2013
 * Nature Reserves - Names, Location, Size, activities allowed
 * Causes of deforestation
 * What are the consequences of deforestation?
 * What are the major driving forces behind deforestation, and who are the principal actors?
 * How much rainforest is left in Indonesia?
 * What natural resources can be found in the forests?
 * How are the natural resources gathered?
 * Are there any laws about the removal of natural resources?
 * What is the WWF doing to stop deforestation?
 * How many animals have their homes destroyed by deforestation?
 * How does deforestation affect the people?

Thank-you, Jess and Madey



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">31% of the planet’s land is covered by forests. They give out oxygen and provide homes for people and wildlife. Many of the world’s most threatened and endangered animals live in forests, and 1.6 billion people rely on benefits forests offer, including food, fresh water, clothing, traditional medicine and shelter.

__**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Percentage of land covered with rainforests in 1911 / 2013 - Jess **__

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">On many different sites that we have uncovered, there is a range in percentages for the amount of rainforests that are left on the Earth surface in 2013. This percentage differs from 6-31%. The WWF states that 31% of the planet’s land is covered by forests, and another webpage, rain-tree.com, it states that only 6% of the world’s land covered in rainforests in 2013. But this percentage doesn’t matter. The only thing that matters is growth. We see things as deducting, and with about 60,000 square kilometres of forests being chopped down every year (and believed 6 square kilometres a second), I believe that we need to start focusing on growth and rejuvenation other than deforestation. Thank goodness we have nature reserves in this world - otherwise there would be much more deforestation, loss of habitat and loss of innocent animals.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">

__**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nature Reserves - Names, Location, Size, activities allowed - Jess **__

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bukit Duabelas Nature Reserve <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Located in the Pauh sub-district, 60 km from Bangko in the Surolangun Bangko regency, Jambi. It covers 287.3 square kilometres of land. Small lakes are found in its surroundings and many small streams discharge into the Batnghari River. It is the home to Deer, monkeys, bears, wild pigs, elephants, snakes, iguanas, and many species of birds and 1000 people of the Kubu (Anak Dalam) tribe call this nature reserve home.



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bung Hatta Forest Reserve <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Located 15 km from Padang (the capital of West Sumatra) heading towards Solok. It has been known as the ‘Setya Mulya Botanic Garden’ in the past, and today it could be known as ‘Taman Raya Bung Hatta’. The reserve has the gigantic native flower Rafflesia Arnoldi.



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kerumutan Nature Reserve <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Located in the mainland of Riau and in the Kuala Kampar district. The reserve has 1200 square kilometres. Kerumutan can be reached by motor-boat in 18 hours from Pekanbaru.



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Rimbo Panti Nature Reserve <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">It is located 103 km from Bukittinggi and stops at Batang Palupuh, 16 km from Bukittinggi. This nature/wildlife reserve is where various monkey species, honey bears, tigers, flying squirrels, birds, butterflies, and others live.



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tangkoko Nature Reserve <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Located on the northeastern tip of Sulawesi. Many rare and unique creatures call this reserve home, from the Mimic Octopus to the Tarsier. Others include the Crested Black Macaque, the Giant Civet, and the Sulawesi Bear Cuscus. A gigantic volcano towers over the park, eternally draped in thin narrow clouds. Dark beaches are scattered with crushed sea shells and Crested Black Macaques searching for snacks. The dense rainforest spreads out across Tangkoko, covering the park floor in a constant shadow and bumping up against the beaches that meet the fierce sea. The waters surrounding the park hold a huge range of marine life.



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kendawangan Nature Reserve <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Located in West Kalimantan. It is enriched with an ecosystem comprising lowland forest, coastal forest, mangrove forest, swamp forest, and peat forest. It covers an area of 150,000 square km. This reserve is also home to the sea turtle.



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Baning Nature Reserve <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Located in the heart of Sintang city, West Kalimantan. This nature reserve provides a beauty panorama, with unique ecosystem, virgin tropical rainforest and breathtaking panoramic view an oasis. Here varieties of orchids and Kantong Semar flowers were found, and create the setting for a beautiful nature walk. For those who love adventure, Nokanayan and Jegonoi waterfalls with its criss-cross canal of the river Nokanayan making a perfect spot for visitors worldwide!



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Kersik Luwai Nature Reserve <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Located in the north of Samarinda ( the capital city of East Kalimantan). It can be reached in 20 hours by boat upstream Mahakam River. The "Black Orchid" (Coelogyne pandurata) which blossoms usually between April and December, grows on shrubs in this 50 square kilometre reserve. More than a hundred of wild and rare orchid species grow in this forest. Several Rare Pitcher Plants can also be found. Other tourist attractions in this region are Jentur Gemuruh waterfall and Eheng Longhouse, where 35 families of the Dayak Tunjung Tribe live in their traditional way.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Krakatau Nature Reserve <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Situated in the Krakatau Islands within the sub-district of Rajabasa, South Lampung, in Lampung Province in Sumatra. But, in fact they form part of the Ujung Kulon – Krakatau Nattional Park, which is recognised by UNESCO as World Heritage site. Setting foot on an active volcano is certainly a one of a kind sensation, and if fortunate enough, visitors can watch as the Anak Krakatau volcano presents its active side. The marine environment around the island offers its own attraction as it holds more than fifty species of fish that live among its unspoilt coral reefs.



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bukit Lawang Orangutans Nature Reserve <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Located in Bahorok National Park North Sumatra. Bukit Lawang is situated 86 km by road north-west of Medan, passing through Tanjung Langkat, Binjai, Bohorok nestling on the banks of the Bohorok river. There are found The Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii) which is the rarer of the two species of orangutans.



__**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Reasons for Deforestation in Indonesia - Jess **__

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fire releases carbon dioxide and clouds of soot that can prevent normal rainfall. Poor logging practices, population growth, and urban expansion make forests more vulnerable to rampaging fires.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fire **



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Large-scale agriculture is the main economic factor behind deforestation. Additional profits can be made from timber, therefore driving agricultural expansion into forests rather than small lands.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Agricultural Expansion **



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Indonesia and Malaysia now supply over 80% of the world’s palm oil. “Palm oil grown on cleared peat lands and turned into biofuels has a carbon footprint five times as big as diesel”, says the Global Canopy Programme.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Palm Oil Production **



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Commercial farmers are clearing and draining mangrove forests—which shelter coasts from storms and sustain many unique species—to make way for shrimp farms. Coastal mangrove forests are peculiarly vulnerable to climate change impacts like rising sea levels and drought.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Shrimp farming **



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">According to the WWF, up to 28 percent of the Europe’s timber imports could be illegal. Well-regulated, selective logging, however, is not necessarily deforestation. Illegal logging has been rampant for years and is believed to have destroyed some 100 million square kilometres of forest. Indonesia’s wood-processing industries operate in a strange legal twilight, in which major companies that—until the economic crisis of 1997—attracted billions of dollars in Western investment, obtaining more than half their wood supplies from illegal sources. Wood is routinely smuggled across the border to neighbouring countries, costing the Indonesian government millions of dollars in lost revenues each year.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Logging for Timber **



Digging into the Earth's surface to find minerals. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Congo Basin, for instance, contains vast untapped reserves of gold, coltan (used in mobile phones), diamonds, uranium, manganese, and copper.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Mining **



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Road construction is the infrastructure development that contributes most to deforestation because roads encourage immigration and the spread of agriculture into forests, particularly in remote areas where property rights are unclear or poorly regulated.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Road Building **



<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Charcoal production as a driver of deforestation primarily occurs in the forests of sub-Saharan Africa, where poverty drives many to cut down trees for fuel for cooking. Charcoal made from old-growth hardwood trees is the most valuable because it burns hotter and longer.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Charcoal Production **



__**What are the consequences of deforestation? - Jess**__ I have categorised them into four categories:
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Soil Degradation and Erosion **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">Plants check rapid movement of air and water. Flowing waters stay in the area for a longer duration during which time nutrients are re-absorbed and as water filters, groundwater starts flowing like a small river. Plant cover keeps the ground surface humid. Trees with the help of deep root systems are able to draw water from subsurface water. Humidity prevents massive water loss. Organic matter binds the soil particles in soil crumbs which make it more stable again forces of erosion.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">Deforestation leaves the ground surface bare. In humid tropics a large portion of available mineral nutrients is taken away when the biomass is removed. Herbaceous plants and grasses are exposed to the action of sun, wind and rapidly flowing waters. There is further loss of mineral nutrients. Grazing may remove much of the organic matter with which there is further loss of nutrients. Where remaining vegetation is burned to clear the land and agriculture attempted loss of nutrients is even more rapid. Already poor tropical soil is made poorer. All this further reduces the cover of small plants and grasses as well.

Plant cover keeps the soil temperature lower. At all depths up to 70 cm a higher temperature is observed in soil free of plant cover. Higher temperatures speed up mineralising stage of organic matter. This reduces the stability of soil crumb structure and the soil becomes easier to wear out. It also loses its capacity to hold water, recycle mineral nutrients, nitrogen-fixing capacity etc. and turns into a dead mass of silt, clay and sand. With plant cover gone the battering action of wind and rains loosen the top soil which is thus carried along with water or air currents and moved elsewhere.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">The top soil which is thus lost is irreplaceable. Nature takes about 1000 years to produce 2.5 cms of top soil. It has been estimated that prior to man's influence on earth's crust, oceans received about 9-10 x 10 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #cc0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 8px; vertical-align: super;">9 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;"> tons of sediments annually. Today about 25x10' tons of precious top soil flows into oceans as silt and sediments every year.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">Massive soil destruction doesn't help flood situation either. Firstly, the movement of silt and sediments in river beds make rivers shallow. Secondly, land lacking of forest cover loses its water holding capacity. In absence of plant cover this water flows down in rapid torrents. In streams and rivers it has to flow through shallow channels where it spills over its banks flooding low lying areas.


 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Changes in climatic conditions **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">Forests shape our natural environment and local climatic conditions. They maintain humidity, regulate temperatures, break wind velocities and influence precipitation. The extent up to which forests influence our natural environment is a controversial subject. However, it is almost certain that dense growth of green plants has a moderating influence on local climatic conditions and the global environment in a number of ways. These include maitenance of humidity, the regulation of air temperature, moderation of wind strength, evaporation and precipitation etc.


 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Destruction of natural habitats **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">In forests the shaded area under trees provides protection, tolerable temperatures, adequate humidity (etc) to other smaller plants, animals and microbes. The living organisms interact with one another and with plants, animals and microbes. It is these interactions which provide nutrition, water and shelter - a suitable habitat for the diverse flora and fauna to live and thrive in it.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">Each species has developed through countless million years as an unique specimen in perfect harmony with its surrounding environment. No doubt the existence and well being of man is linked with other life forms which provide the basic raw materials for his existence.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">However, deforestation caused by man himself tends to disturb or eliminate completely the very habitats of millions of species. It is collapsing at an alarming rate. The home of almost half of the living species on this planet is being destroyed and almost one species of mammal birds or plants are practically sentenced to extinction per day.


 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Destruction of a valuable sink for environmental pollutants **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">Forest soils and vegetation have a large capacity to absorb, transform and gather various pollutants of the environment. Vegetation acts as an effective sink for a number of undesirable members of the environment. Deforestation not only destroys this sink but also reduces soil's capacity to eliminate pollutants. Removal of plant cover leaves the soil bare. Its organic matter content is quickly mineralised. Without organic matter microbes fail to survive and the soil is turned into a lifeless mass of sand, silt and clay. Deforestation also has a factor for the soil that is unable to perform the bio­chemical activity involved in absorption, accumulation or transformation of pollutants.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">On global scale an enormous quantity of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, reactive hydrocarbons, ozone and other particulates are cleared by vegetation and the soil. These pollutants may serve as fertilizer to the plant community.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">As much as 1 -13 kg per 10 square kilometres per year of Nitrogen, 6.1 kg per 10 square kilometres per year of sulphates and about 20-40 kg per 10 square kilometres per year of calcium and potassium may be provided to natural ecosystem through atmosphere in the shape of dry or wet deposition.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">No doubt many of the contaminations eliminated by green cover and the soil originate naturally from plants and the soil microorganisms. However, there is an productive natural sink to eliminate them. The natural system is also capable of making adjustments for limited inputs of pollutants added by human activity. If we destroy this natural sink while introducing more and more pollution to the system, it is bound to fail with grave consequences for the human race.



__**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;">What are the major driving forces behind deforestation, and who are the principal actors? - Jess **__ <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">Tens of millions of Indonesians depend directly on these forests for their livelihoods, whether gathering forest products for their daily needs or working in the wood-processing sectors of the economy. The forests are home to an abundance of flora and fauna unmatched in any country of comparable size. Even today, almost every ecological expedition that sets out to explore Indonesia’s tropical forests returns with discoveries of new species.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">But a tragedy is unfolding in Indonesia. The country now finds itself the unwelcome center of world attention, as domestic and international outrage mounts over the rampant destruction of a great natural resource. Indonesia’s “economic miracle” of the 1980s and 1990s turns out to have been based on ecological devastation and abuse of local people’s rights and customs. For example, one of the country’s fastest growing sectors, the pulp and paper industry, has not established the plantations necessary to provide a secure supply of pulpwood. Instead, pulpmills rely largely on wholesale clearing of natural forest. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">Even if current policy reforms are successful, it is clear that Indonesia is in transition from being a forest-rich country to a forest-poor country, following the path of the Philippines and Thailand.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">Millions of kilometres of former forest are now covered in degraded forest remnants, scrub etc. With this loss of forest, Indonesia is losing biodiversity, wood supply, income, and ecosystem services. Degraded forest lands can be replanted and man-aged to provide wood, tree crops, fruits, and other non-timber products. Ecosystem services such as freshwater regulation and soil control can be restored. Part of the tragedy of Indonesia’s forests is that the current industrial timber plantation program, and the system of forest conversion to plantation crops, have not contributed to sustainable forest management but rather have accelerated deforestation.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">Officially, decisions in the forest sector are no longer oriented toward clearance and conversion but, in reality, clearance and conversion continue. The system should be restructured to require the establishment of new plantations on the great areas of degraded land that are already available for planting. The requirement should be enforced. Indonesia is at a crossroad where much of its natural resource base has been destroyed or degraded, but much still remains. Land development for plantations to supply timber and valuable export crops is a vital part of the country’s economic strategy.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; vertical-align: baseline;">In coming years, the easier route will be to allow logging operations and plantations - and the wasted land that accompanies their development – to spread over the remaining natural forests, rewarding developers with huge unearned windfall profits from forest clearance. The harder but ultimately more sustainable way will be to reclaim the land that currently lies idle and conserve the primary forest that remains. Six hundred forty million square kilometres of forest have been cut down over the past 50 years. There is no right for another 64 million hectares to be lost over the next 50 years.




 * // What natural resources can be found in the forests? - Madey //**



<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">There have been many items that can be found in the forests of Indonesia, one big product is Palm Oil. Destroying the homes of animals to plant and grow palm trees to harvest their fruits and oils. Logging in the forests has been going for many years now and it’s believe that 10 million hectares of forests have been destroyed. Charcoal can be found, along with natural plant oils and fruits.


 * // Are there any laws about the removal of natural resources? - Madey //**

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 17px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Regulation of clearing **
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Clearing is now controlled by laws in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, but not as much as in Queensland. Controlling of Land Clearing change substantially between territories. Controls of clearing have been disliked by farmers, even with the growing awareness of the effect of land degradation.Land clearing is controlled by implication by federal law in the form of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">New South Wales **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In NSW, clearing of native vegetation is regulated by the precautions of the habitat of the theatened species. It is also controlled by the development control and Environmental Planning Instruments.

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Queensland **
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In QLD, clearing of native vegetation is controlled by the Vegetation Management Act.

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">South Australia **
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Clea <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ring of native vegetation in SA is principally regulated by the Native Vegetation Act. The Federal EPBC Act may also apply.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 19px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Indonesia__ **

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The trouble that the Indonesian Governments are facing on the deforestation issue has been recognised by President Yudhoyono. In 2011, he signed a ban that lasts until 2015, the ban was new forest clearing permits.

//** How are the natural resources gathered? - Madey **//



Most of the wood collected is all chopped or bulldozed down and dragged into a truck. Palm Oil Seeds are collected as they grow. The workers would drive past, knock them off and put them into the back of the truck. Fruits and nuts are collected by picking them off of the tree. Plant oils are extracted from their seeds and used in cooking. Eg; Palm Oil.

//** What are WWF doing to stop deforestation? - Madey **//


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">WORKING TO REDUCE DEFORESTATION **

Eliminating all deforestation isn’t possible. Parts of the landscape will need to be altered as populations grow and change—but this can be stabled through sustainable forest management, reforestation efforts and maintaining the durability of protected areas. They aim to preserve our most precious wildlife, respect and help local communities, maintain critical ecosystem services and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Some nations are already finding success. WWF supports governments, international bodies and other stakeholders to make no deforestation a reality by 2020.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CREATING PROTECTED AREAS **

WWF are Securing forest ecosystems as parks and other protected areas that can help preserve the future generations of valuable plants and animals. Having protected areas have provided help to the preservation of some species, like the mountain gorillas that live in the forests of the Virunga Mountains in East Africa. In addition to protecting biodiversity, the Amazon Region Protected Areas program has demonstrated that a system of well-managed and sustainably-financed protected areas contributes to reduced CO2 emissions from deforestation. WWF has worked to create and continue support for protected areas in more than 100 countries around the world.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE BIO-ENERGY **

For thousands of years, humans have used forests for fuel, and 2.6 billion of them still use biomass – mostly wood and charcoal – for cooking. WWF works and tries to promote bioenergy from scrap wood, oil and fats, sugar and starch crops, and wastes, even algae to reduce reliance on forests to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. WWF’s aim is that by 2050, 100% of the worlds energy will come from sustainable, renewable sources.

//** How many animals have their homes destroyed by deforestation? - Madey **//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In the 32 years that have passed, WWF have figured out that there is a connection in Riau between the clearing forests and declining wildlife population. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In a report from WWF, there has been a decline in elephant numbers. Starting at about 1,067 in 1984 and less than 200 are remaining today. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Similar numbers show in the report about Riau’s Sumatran Tiger population. It has declined more than 70% in the 32 years, from 640 to less than 192.

//** How does deforestation affect the people? - Madey **//


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Water **



<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trees and soil absorb the water and stop it from running into the town and villages. The forests and trees stop villages from flooding and being swept away. It will create drought, because water catchments won't be able to withhold the water without plants and trees, water scarcity, because there is no water catchments, flash floods, because there is no way of stoping the flow of water.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Peat **



<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">When the trees are cut down, and then burned, tons of CO2 is let out into the atmosphere. But in other rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia, they are tropical peat soils. Peat is mostly carbon. So when the forests get over turned and cleared, the peat decomposes. More tons of carbon are released into the atmosphere.


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Diseases **



<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">By the animals retreating into the villages, they bring in different diseases. Viral fever and dengue are brought onto the people by tigers and other animals. The plant population is also being wiped out, as the forests are being removed for the palm oil plantations, and those plants are the cures to leukemia and cancer. As the population grows, so does the amount of disease in the world.

"You must be the change you wish to see in the world." — Mahatma Gandhi


 * [|__http://worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 30.5 **
 * [|__http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/climate_change/?665/ten-causes-of-deforestation-gallery__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 6.6 **
 * [|__http://www.wri.org/publication/state-of-the-forest-indonesia__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 31.5 **
 * [|__http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_clearing_in_Australia__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 12.6 **
 * [|__http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/feb/27/climatechange.forests__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 13.6 **
 * [|__http://www.greenfacts.org/en/forests/index.htm#2__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 16.6 **
 * [|__http://www.rain-tree.com/facts.htm#.Ub0WK0L4-0t__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 16.6 **
 * [|__http://www.preservearticles.com/2012021423307/what-are-the-major-consequences-of-deforestation.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 16.6 **
 * [|__http://www.wri.org/publication/state-of-the-forest-indonesia__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 16.6 **
 * [|__http://www.voanews.com/content/opposition-to-opening-indonesian-forests-to-logging/1681054.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 16.6 **
 * [|__http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/solutions/forest_solutions/palm-oil-and-forests.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 16.6 **
 * [|__http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iw-wlWqzf_I__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 16.6 **
 * [|__http://sq3tnyw.edu.glogster.com/deforestation/__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 16.6 **

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Feedback:

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Georgia

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">I found out that 31% of earth is covered by forest.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">I now realise how many different nature reserves there are in Indonesia.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The information presented is very detailed and I can tell you’ve put allot of effort in. You could perhaps add a bibliography and some visuals.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chloe

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">I found out that 1.6 billion people rely on the benefits that forests offer.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">I now realise why it is so important that we protect the forests. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The information presented is very well detailed and provides a lot of different and interesting facts.